Identifiers
HUGO:RAC1 HUGO:RAC2
Rac family small GTPase 1
HUGO:RAC1 hgnc_id:HGNC:9801 HGNC:9801 ENTREZ:5879 UNIPROT:P63000
Rac family small GTPase 2
HUGO:RAC2 hgnc_id:HGNC:9802 HGNC:9802 ENTREZ:5880 UNIPROT:P15153
ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1)
HUGO:RAC1 HGNC:9801 ENTREZ:5879 UNIPROT:P63000
ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac2)
HUGO:RAC2 HGNC:9802 ENTREZ:5880 UNIPROT:P15153
Maps_Modules
HMC:AVOIDING_IMMUNE_DESTRUCTION
Adaptive Immune Response / TCR_SIGNALING
HMC:TUMOR_PROMOTING_INFLAMMATION
HMC:ACTIVATING_INVASION_AND_METASTASIS
Cancer Associated Fibroblasts / MOTILITY
HMC:RESISTING_CELL_DEATH
Regulated Cell Death / DEATH_RECEPTOR_PATHWAYS
Regulated Cell Death / NECROPTOSIS
Innate Immunity / IMMUNOSTIMULATORY_CORE_PATHWAYS
Innate Immunity / NO_ROS_PRODUCTION
References
PMID:10714681 PMID:15184873
CASCADE:PDGF
CASCAFE:EGF
CASCADE:CAV
PMID:17517963
caveolin-deficient MEFs showed a notable decrease in basal Rho activity and a significant increase in Rac and Cdc42 activity
PMID:11747822
Rac and Cdc42 are capable of inducing phosphorylation of Akt and that PDGF induces phosphorylation of Akt at least in part through Rac in fibroblasts.
Expression of Rac V12 or Cdc42 V12 stimulated cell motility Figure 2 and Figure 3[14]. Coexpression of dominant-negative Akt suppressed cell motility stimulated by active Rac and Cdc42 to the basal levels (Figure 2d), suggesting that Akt is an essential downstream effector of Rac and Cdc42 in stimulating cell motility
PMID:18423981
TGF-?? induced a strong activation of RhoA and stress fiber formation in fibroblasts,
EGF down-regulated Rho-GTP levels in fibroblasts, giving permissive signals for Rac1 activation, fibroblast polarization, and invasion.
PMID:21178402
RhoA was thought to be activated mainly at the retracting tail (red) to promote tail contraction, while Rac1 was thought to be activated at the front of the cell to promote lamellipodial protrusion.
PMID:27331412
Methuosis is a caspase-independent cell death accompanied by vacuolization of macropinosomes resulting from dysregulation of macropinocytosis.
DENDRITIC_CELL
NATURAL_KILLER
CASCADE:NKP46
CASCADE:INTEGRIN_A4B1
CASCADE:INTEGRIN_A5B1
CASCADE:INTEGRIN_AVB5
PMID:11062502, PMID:11385609, PMID:11907067, PMID:15536084
Nkp46 controls NK cytolitic activity via PI3K /RAC1/PAK1/MEK??/ERK pathway, probably throught SYK
PMID:19372727
The enzyme responsible for O2???- production is called the NADPH oxidase or respiratory burst oxidase. This multicomponent enzyme system is composed of two transmembrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox, also called NOX2, which together form the cytochrome b558) and four cytosolic proteins (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and a GTPase Rac1 or Rac2), which assemble at membrane sites upon cell activation.
PMID:15169870
Cdc42 activation was restricted to the leading margin of the cell, whereas Rac1 was active throughout the phagocytic cup. During phagosome closure, activation of Rac1 and Rac2 increased uniformly and transiently in the actin-poor region of phagosomal membrane. These distinct roles for Cdc42, Rac1, and Rac2 in the component activities of phagocytosis indicate mechanisms by which their differential regulation coordinates rearrangements of actin and membranes.
PMID:12740575
VAV1 activates RHOA and RAC1 downstream of NKG2D.
PMID:10679059, PMID:12626562
PTK2B, PYK2. Binding of NK cells to sensitive target cells or ligation of ??2 integrins results in a rapid induction of Pyk2 phosphorylation and activation.
y contrast, no detectable Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation is found upon CD16 stimulation.
Pyk2 activation is a crucial event for natural but not Ab-dependent cytotoxicity.
Ligation of Beta2 integrins on NK cells resulted in Pyk2-dependent Erk activation, provavli via VAV1/RAC1 pathway.
Pyk-2-mediated control of integrin-triggered Rac-1 activation involves the regulation of Vav tyrosine phosphorylation.
PMID:14697347, PMID:??11146654
Integrin ??v??5 regulates phagocytosis via CRK /DOCK1 (DOCK180) /RAC1 pathway downstream of.
Integrin ??v??5 activation results in recruitment of the p130cas???CrkII???Dock180 complex and RAC1 activation.
+ GTP@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol → (GTP:RAC1_2*)|active@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + GDP@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol
+ NCF2@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + NCF4@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + CYBA@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + NCF1@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + CYBB@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + FAD@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol + heme@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol → CYBA:CYBB:FAD:GTP:NCF1:NCF2:NCF4:RAC1_2*:heme@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Cytosol
→ EXOCYTOSIS_AND_PHAGOCYTOSIS@INNATE_IMMUNE_CELL_Membrane